The challenge for any population attempting to dwell in Iraq's arid southern floodplain, where rainfall is currently less than 5 inches a year, was to manage the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to supply year-round water for farming and drinking. The Sumerian people who settled here farmed the lands in this region that were made fertile by silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers. calBC) settlements in southern Mesopotamia. However, the archaeological record shows clear uninterrupted cultural continuity from the time of the Early Ubaid period (5200-4500 B.C.E. The Sumerians were a non-Semitic people and were at one time believed to have been invaders, as a number of linguists believed they could detect a substrate language beneath Sumerian. Biblical Shinar, Egyptian Sngr and Hittite Šanhar(a) could be western variants of Šumer. The Akkadian word Shumer may represent this name in dialect, but we actually do not know why the Akkadians called the southern land Shumeru. The Sumerians called themselves "the black-headed people" (sag-gi-ga) and their land "land of the civilized lords" (ki-en-gir). The term "Sumerian" is an exonym first applied by the Akkadians. Treaties from Sumeria indicate a preference for trade and commerce. More and more people became aware of belonging to the same world as a result of Sumeria's contribution to the human story. This represents recognition that societies can not function without respect for life and property and shared values.
City-states for centuries used variations of Sumerian Law, which established set penalties for particular offenses. and was essential for maintaining order within the City-states. The history of Sumeria dates back to the beginning of writing and also of law, which the Sumerians are credited with inventing. Sumer together with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilization is considered the first settled society in the world to have manifested all the features needed to qualify fully as a " civilization." The development of the City-state as an organized social and political settlement enabled art, commerce, writing, and architecture, including the building of Temples (ziggurats) to flourish. The term "Sumerian" applies to all speakers of the Sumerian language. until the rise of Babylonia in the late third millennium B.C.E. The earliest known attempts at forming large-scale empires were made by the Sumerian and Akkadian kings of the late third millennium BCE.Sumer (or Šumer) was one of the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest records in the mid-fourth millennium B.C.E. During times of great political unity, kings expanded their control beyond the two rivers, dominating neighboring lands and controlling the trade routes of the Near East. The rulers of various regions-Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria-dominated Mesopotamia as a whole at one time or another. Over centuries, the flood pulse of the Euphrates and Tigris left the southern plains of what is now Iraq with the richest soil in the Near East.įor 3,000 years the peoples of Mesopotamia maintained a significant degree of cultural unity, even though politically they were much more fragmented. In the midst of a vast desert, the peoples of Mesopotamia relied upon these rivers to provide drinking water, agricultural irrigation, and major transportation routes. The civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia grew up along the banks of two great rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris. Ancient Mesopotamia: "The Land Between Two Rivers"
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